Foreign portfolio investment

Keynote address by Louis Kasekende, Deputy Governor, Bank of Uganda, at the launch of the Barclays Africa Group’s Africa Financial Markets Index I would like to begin by commending the Barclays Africa Group for its initiative to establish the Barclays Africa Group Africa Financial Markets Index, in collaboration with the Official Monetary and Financial Institutions Forum. Let me also thank Mr. Rakesh Jha, for inviting me to deliver the keynote address this morning. My remarks this morning will focus on the index and the lessons to be drawn for Africa’s future economic prospects. It is a testimony to the transformation of economic performance in Africa over the last two decades that many African economies are now classified as “frontier markets”. Frontier markets are economies which are able to attract significant inflows of private capital from international markets, for which both market-oriented economic policies and well-functioning domestic financial markets are a prerequisite. Over the last three years, the economies of Sub-Saharan Africa combined attracted net foreign direct investment averaging almost $36 billion per annum and net portfolio capital flows averaging almost $15 billion per annum, according to the data in the IMF’s October 2017 World Economic Outlook. The magnitude of private capital inflows has overtaken that of net official development assistance (aid) receipts as a source of external financial resources to sub-Saharan Africa. Although rising interest rates in advanced economies are likely to dampen portfolio capital flows to sub-Saharan Africa in 2018, the IMF forecasts that foreign direct investment to the region is forecast to strengthen to around $46 billion in 2018. To accelerate development and structural transformation in Africa, foreign private capital is essential. This is mainly for two reasons. First, domestic savings rates in Africa are too low to provide all of the resources which are needed for the region’s substantial investment requirements, while official sources of foreign savings, such as development assistance, are also insufficient to bridge the gap between domestic savings and investment requirements. The median external financing requirement for economies in sub-Saharan Africa is currently around 7% of their GDP. Second, and perhaps more importantly; Africa needs foreign companies to invest in modern businesses on the continent, providing business skills and technology, because the domestic business sectors are still too weak to drive private sector-led development on their own. Without very substantial levels of foreign direct investment, it is difficult to envisage how African economies could generate modern businesses on a sufficient scale to bring about the type of structural transformation that is needed if they are to achieve meaningful middle-income status and to generate formal sector employment for the rapidly expanding labour force. Given the importance of attracting foreign capital to Africa, it is imperative that we have a clear understanding of the factors which influence foreign capital flows to the region and how conducive the economic and institutional environment in African economies is, to attract foreign capital. In this regard, the Barclays Africa Group African Financial Markets Index can make a valuable contribution. It provides data for each of the 17 African economies covered by the index pertaining to capital market development and depth, the size of the domestic investor base, the macroeconomic situation and the institutional, regulatory and legal environment facing investors in financial markets. The economies of the 17 countries in the index together comprise approximately three quarters of Africa’s GDP. The report on the Index provides a wealth of valuable data and analysis which I believe will prove to be of great benefit both to investors and to economic policymakers in Africa. I would like to comment on some interesting points which emerge from the data incorporated into the Africa Markets Index and which are detailed in the report. There is a vast difference between South Africa and all of the other 16 African countries covered in the index in terms of size and liquidity of the capital markets. South Africa has $1,247 billion of locally listed assets (bonds and equity). None of the other 16 countries in the index has locally listed assets which reach even a tenth of the size of that of South Africa, and the median of locally listed assets for the other 16 countries is only $16 billion (figure 4.3 on page 25 of the report). A similar picture emerges with respect to the size of the domestic institutional investor base. South Africa has pension and insurance fund assets of $627 billion, whereas the median for the other 16 countries is only $6 billion (figure 4.3). It is clear that, with the exception of South Africa, capital markets play only a very small role in Africa as a source of financing for investment by the private sector, although capital markets have become more important for the financing of government debt. Why is the South African capital market many times larger than those on the rest of the continent? It is not simply because the South African economy is larger than those of most of the other economies covered by the index. Valued in terms of US dollars, South Africa’s GDP comprises slightly less than 20% of the combined GDP of the 17 countries in the index, but it accounts for nearly three-quarters of the total listed assets of the countries in the index and nearly 80% of the funds of pension and insurance companies. It is also difficult to explain the dominance of South Africa’s capital markets in the region by macroeconomic factors (pillar 5 of the index). South Africa’s real GDP growth has been mediocre for many years and most of the other countries covered in the index have consistently recorded much higher rates of real economic growth. Three of the four economies which rank at the bottom of pillar 1 of the index, which pertains to market depth – Rwanda, Ivory Coast and Ethiopia - have been among the fastest growing African economies in recent years. The attractiveness of a financial market to foreign investors depends in part on the regulatory and institutional framework. Therefore, the African Financial Markets Index includes a number of pertinent regulatory and institutional factors, especially in in pillars 2, 3 and 6 of the index. Although South Africa ranks highest amongst the 17 countries in the index with respect to each of these three pillars, the differences between South Africa and other top performers are not vast. For example, Botswana and Uganda both have scores close to that of South Africa in terms of access to foreign exchange while the scores of Mauritius and Nigeria are very close to that of South Africa in respect of market transparency, tax and regulatory environment. As such, it is difficult to attribute the huge difference in capital market depth between South Africa and the other countries simply to a better regulatory and institutional environment for investors in South Africa. The primary reason why South Africa’s capital market is many times larger than those of all the other countries in Africa relates to the structure of the economy. The South African economy is characterised by large and medium-sized companies, many of which have been operating for many years. These companies have the financial credibility to mobilise capital by issuing equity and bonds to investors on capital markets. In addition, a large share of the labour force in South Africa is employed in the formal sector and is required to make regular contributions to pension funds, which explains why South Africa has a relatively large pensions and insurance industry. In contrast to South Africa, the economies of most other countries in Africa have a very different structure. They are dominated by informal micro and household enterprises and contain far fewer large and medium-sized enterprises. Consequently, the number of companies which can credibly issue securities to raise capital is relatively small in these countries. To issue securities on the capital market, companies must have a solid track record of profitability and meet minimum standards of governance, with properly audited accounts and tax returns. But there are relatively few companies which meet these criteria in most African countries. Furthermore, the vast majority of the labour force works in the informal sector, with often irregular and precarious earnings, and as such does not make regular contributions to pension funds. This is why their financial systems are dominated so heavily by banks rather than capital markets. The financing needs of small-scale and micro enterprises cannot be met through market-based instruments; instead, these enterprises require loans from financial institutions, especially those which can specialise in serving this sector of the market. Consequently, I would argue that the primary constraints to the development of capital markets in Africa, outside of South Africa, are structural in nature. On the supply side of the capital market, the main constraint is the paucity of large and medium scale companies which can credibly issue capital market securities. On the demand side of the market, the main constraint is the dominance of informal sector employment which impedes the growth of pension funds. These two constraints are linked, in that the relatively small share of large and medium-sized companies in the economy accounts for the very limited scale of formal sector employment. This has important implications for financial sector policy. It suggests that, until these structural constraints can be alleviated, especially boosting the number of companies which can credibly issue capital market instruments to investors, policies which aim to improve the financial infrastructure and regulatory environment, or the taxation of financial instruments, to reduce the cost of capital market transactions and facilitate market entry, are unlikely to be effective in terms of stimulating rapid growth of the capital markets. I discussed earlier the importance of foreign direct investment (FDI) to economic development. In many important respects, FDI is much more valuable than portfolio investment because the former can enable new, large and medium-sized companies to be created in economies where these types of enterprises are relatively scarce. Most of the large and medium-sized enterprises in Uganda which are surveyed by the Bank of Uganda in the annual Private Sector Investment Survey have foreign shareholders. Large and medium scale enterprises are the main vehicles through which sustained productivity growth is attained in developing economies. FDI can also contribute to the development of the domestic private sector, offering a market for inputs and through spill-overs of business, managerial and technical skills to domestic companies. Consequently, I would argue that the policy priority for Uganda, and for most other African counties, should be to mobilise much more FDI, especially in labour-intensive sectors of the economy. We also need to develop programmes to assist domestic companies to strengthen their management, governance and technical capacities so that they might expand and become more competitive and eventually be able to raise finance on local capital markets. In addition, we need to harness the potential in regional capital markets through the integration of national bourses and harmonisation of laws and policies. Finally, there is often a misleading narrative that African countries need to fix all distortions before receipt of capital flows. On the contrary, incremental changes benefit countries and an index such as this, is useful in prioritising policy and areas for correction. Dr Louis Kasekende is the Deputy Governor, Bank of Uganda.

Foreign portfolio investment

Why Africa needs FDI more than foreign portfolio investment – BoU’s Kasekende